Radiation Protection

2010-06-08T11:35:00.000-07:00

Radiation Protection Basics
Three basic principles apply to all types of ionizing radiation. If we have rules or standards that limit the amount of radiation a person can receive in a given situation to develop, we examine how these concepts can affect the exposure of a person.

Time
The amount of exposure to radiation increases and decreases over time people spend near the source of radiation.

In general, we believe that the exposure time for how long a person close to radioactive materials. It is easy to understand how the external time (live) to minimize exposure. Gamma and X-rays are the main concern for external exposure.
However, if radioactive material gets into your body, you can not abandon it. You must wait until the expiry or until your body can eliminate. When this occurs, the biological half-life of radionuclide regulates the duration of exposure. Biological half the amount of time it takes the body half of the elimination of radionuclides originally present. The alpha and beta particles are the main concern for internal exposure.

How does EPA use the concept of time in radiation protection?
If we have a standard that increased radiation risk for a certain period, we apply the concept of time. For example, we often ExpressCard positions in terms of dose commitment. A committed dose is that which represents the continuous exposure over long time (like 30, 50 or 70 years). It refers to the exposure received from radioactive material that enters and remains in the body for many years.
Then, the risk of exposure in a position to judge, we consider the amount of time a person can spend in the field of pollution. For example, in assessing the potential exposure to radon in a home, we estimate how long people are likely to spend in the basement.

Distance
People who are farther from a radiation source, the lower their exposure.
How close to a radiation source can be obtained without a high exposure? It depends on the energy of radiation and the size (or activity) of the source. Distance is a major concern in the case of gamma rays as they travel long distances. The alpha and beta particles do not have enough energy to travel very far.
In general, if you double the distance, you reduce the risk by a factor of four. Reduce by half the distance to increase exposure by a factor of four.

Why does exposure change more rapidly than the distance?
The area of the circle depends on the distance from the center to the edge of the circle (radius). It is proportional to the square of the radius. Therefore, if the radius doubles the area four times larger.
Consider the radiation source and a bare bulb. The lamp emits light in all directions in a circle. The light energy is distributed evenly over the surface of the circle. If the radius doubles, the radiation is spread over four times more space, so that the dose is only one quarter as much. (Also, if the distance from the source increases, the likelihood that some gamma rays will lose their energy.
The exposure of an individual sitting 4 feet from a radiation source will be 1/4 the exposure of an individual sitting 2 feet from the same source

How does EPA use the concept of distance in radiation protection?
We also consider the distance in the analysis of potential risks of a source. If a person on a contaminated site, or working around radioactive materials, we evaluate how exposures vary as the person closer or further away from the radiation source.
Shielding

More shielding around a radiation source, the smallest of the exhibition.
Shielding simply means something that absorbs radiation between you and the source of radiation (but with another person to absorb the radiation are not considered as a shield). The amount of shielding required to protect against different types of radiation depends on the amount of energy they have.

(Alpha) A thin layer of lightweight materials such as paper, or even dead cells in the outer layer of human skin provides adequate protection of alpha particles, because it can not penetrate. However, living tissue in the body, does not protect against alpha emitters inhaled or ingested.

(Beta) Others include heavy clothing is necessary to protect against beta emitters. Some beta particles can penetrate and burn the skin.

(Gamma) Thick, dense shielding such as lead, are needed to protect against gamma radiation. More energy gamma rays, the thicker the line should be. X-rays are a similar challenge, if the radiology technicians often provide patients with medical and dental X-ray lead aprons in other parts of their bodies covered.

How does EPA use the concept of shielding in radiation protection?
We take into account the type of shielding can be provided by the ground when we sites that are contaminated or used for the disposal of radioactive material to evaluate. We also consider the shielding effect of buildings for a person living or working on a site that has been deleted.

Since antiquity, philosophers and scientists interested in the fundamentals of our physical universe. In fact, the ancient Greeks were the first to believe that all matter in the universe must be made of small building blocks - or atoms. Start with the first specialists in science throughout history and in this century, scientists have been eager to learn more about the atom and how to control it.

Significant Discoveries
It was not until the latter part of the 19th century that scientists really began to progress in the study of atomic structure and radiation.
During the 1600s, Sir Isaac Newton proved his theories of gravitation. Marie and Pierre Curie began their studies in chemistry and physics, and Dmitri Mendeleev presented the periodic table of elements. Just before the turn of the century, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered the fundamental properties of X-rays, the properties of ionizing radiation and the possibility of using radiation in medicine.
Finally, in 1896, Henri Becquerel announced the discovery of radioactivity in the Academy of Sciences in Paris. In the early 1900s the study of the radiation is a widely accepted scientific enterprise.

New Dangers Come with Discoveries
But these discoveries were not without price. Scientists learned that the radiation is a source of energy and medicine, it may be a potential threat to human health if not properly treated. In fact, the pioneers in the investigation late radiation radiation-induced diseases (overexposure). For example, Thomas Edison worker who died of radiation-induced cancer resulting from excessive exposure to X-ray As new uses of radioactive elements have been discovered, potentially fatal cases of excessive exposure increased. For example, during the First World War, radium-based paint (a mixture of radium and phosphorus) was used for military aircraft instruments to shine in the dark so they would be more visible to drivers at night.
After the war was over, the industry that supports that technology has changed their clocks painting business-to-the-dark and the watch face. Young women who worked in this mission would be an art form with their brushes by pulling the brushes cost of crossing between the lips before applying paint on watch dials. Unknowingly, they were eating small amounts of radium and damage their bodies.
Over a period of two years, nine women who had worked as a dial painters dead serious, unexplained anemia, accompanied by destructive lesions of the mouth and jaws. A dentist who had treated one of these women, and finally the link between inflammation of the bone marrow, and the radium dial painting.

Meeting the Need for Radiation Protection
In 1970, Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and radiation protection became a part of EPA's responsibility. Today, EPA's Radiation Protection Division (RPD) is responsible for protecting the public's health and the environment from undue exposure to radiation. This is accomplished by setting safety standards and guidelines. Now, organizations that deal with ionizing radiation must meet these standards to comply with the law.

In 1915 the British Roentgen Society adopted a resolution to protect people against excessive exposure to X-ray This was probably the first organized attempt to protect against radiation.

In 1922, British American organizations had rules of protection. Information and education have increased, and throughout the 1920s and 30 have been developed guidelines and many more organizations were formed for protection against radiation in the United States and the address abroad.

Radiation was based primarily non-government until the late 1940s. After the Second World War, the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear reactors caused the federal government playing politics with human exposure to determine. In 1959, the Federal Council adopted radiation. The Council was responsible for three things:

1. advise the President of the United States on matters of radiological consequences for public health.

2. provide guidance to all federal agencies to establish standards for radiation.

3. work with Member States on matters of radiation.

In 1970, Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and protection against radiation, which is part of the responsibility of the EPA. Today, EPA's Radiation Protection Division (RPD) is responsible for protecting public health and the environment from unnecessary exposure to radiation. This is achieved by setting safety standards and guidelines. Now, organizations dealing with ionizing radiation to these standards under the law.

Gofman from investigating radiation risks

2010-02-22T02:17:00.002-08:00

Being ousted from Livermore didn't stop Gofman from investigating radiation risks. His 1985 book X-rays: Health Effects of Common Exams, co-written with Egan O'Connor, stated that 75 percent of cancer cases are caused by medical radiation, including X-rays, mammograms and CT scans. Doctors howled about how wrong and inflammatory Gofman was--while giving no evidence proving safety. He had now incurred the wrath of both of his chosen professions: physics and medicine. But he never stopped speaking out against the human toll radiation exacts, predicting that nearly 1 million people would develop cancer from Chernobyl, far more than any other estimate.
Gofman was certainly a courageous scientist. But was he right, and is his work relevant?
Are even small radiation doses harmful? A 2005 blue-ribbon panel of the National Academy of Sciences examined hundreds of articles and concluded that no safe threshold exists. The panel used reports from up to fifty years ago, when pelvic X-rays to pregnant women were found to raise the chance that the fetus would die of cancer as a child.
Could up to 32,000 Americans a year die from cancer from reactor emissions? A 1994 General Accounting Office report to Senator John Glenn estimated that the maximum exposure permitted by the government to every American would result in a lifetime premature cancer death risk of one in 300--or 1 million deaths, or about 14,000 cancer deaths a year--which fits Gofman's prediction, made when limits were higher.

important points in the promotional video for your business

2010-02-22T02:17:00.001-08:00

Corporate videos can be downloaded from websites, which not only saves money in distribution costs, but provides 24 hour worldwide access.

A further advantage of corporate video is that it allows for voiceovers to be translated into a variety of languages. As visual cues are used in conjunction with the voiceover, the language sounds natural and appealing.

The winner of the 2002 Regional Exporter of the Year Awards, the Warrnambool Cheese and Butter Factory, strongly agrees with the use of corporate video production to boost export sales.

John Williams, Warrnambool Cheese and Butter Factory's marketing manager, says "We are very proud of our Factory and our picturesque location. It makes a lot of sense to show our best attributes to their advantage and the way to do that is through a corporate video."

"We've found corporate video to be extremely flexible. I can travel overseas and show a DVD quality video to potential clients on my notebook computer".

"We had a short promotional video created that was slotted into our Powerpoint presentation which we presented to a large Japanese dairy importer. It really gave us the competitive edge and helped us win a large multi-million dollar contract".

Justin Howden, an International Marketing specialist from Marketing and Investment Partners, also advocates using corporate videos when marketing overseas.

"For companies that are undertaking trade marketing, corporate video is critical. It is vital to get trade onside when marketing overseas and corporate video is irreplaceable when trying to get distributors involved," he says.

"A successful corporate video is created by finding out what are the most important pieces of information that your target market wants to know. You need to unearth what 20% of information will give you an 80% kick in marketing terms. Once you've done this, you then need to focus on these important points in the promotional video".

Corporate video production is a powerful, convenient and cost effective way for overseas buyers to see what you have to offer. It is an innovative method that can encompass video, brochures, documents and website/email links into one small CD business card.

investment companies can make is by providing prospective

2010-02-22T02:16:00.000-08:00

But how do you market your company successfully to overseas buyers? What can you do to provide the right information to prospective clients that is informative and engaging? How can you stand out from the crowd?

The most common promotional approach is to provide brochures. While brochures do play an important role, they can be uninspiring and ill equipped to convey a real feeling for what an organisation does and how they operate.

Furthermore, when brochures are translated into other languages it is commonly agreed that even the best translations are cumbersome and not reflective of how that particular language is used. This often means that international prospects feel less inclined to read brochures in depth.

So how do you show prospective clients how your product is made? What can you do to highlight your product range and its associated benefits?

A proven promotional method is corporate video production. The combination of moving vision with sound, allows complex messages to be communicated in a far superior way to that of any written information.

Research has found that video can be up to four times more effective than a printed brochure. Given that 80% of the information we recall is visual, it is understandable why audiovisual materials are so successful in getting messages across to viewers.

The best investment companies can make is by providing prospective clients with their corporate video on a VHS tape or a menu driven DVD disk or CDROM disk (which is like the menu option on a movie DVD).

business with the government issuing repeated denials

2010-02-22T02:15:00.001-08:00

With scientists like Linus Pauling and Andrei Sakharov warning about hazards of bomb fallout, and with the government issuing repeated denials, a moral crisis was imminent for Gofman. Soon after he took over the lab, an official at Livermore asked him to help suppress publication of the work of AEC scientist Harold Knapp, who concluded that doses of radioactive iodine from bomb tests in Utah were much higher than the AEC had publicly admitted. Despite the warning that "we can't afford to have him publish that evidence," Gofman reviewed Knapp's analysis with his staff, and found it accurate. Refusing to yield to political heat, Gofman urged publication of the data, which the AEC reluctantly allowed.
Nuclear tensions eased after the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, signed by President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, banned atmospheric nuclear tests. But the treaty did not mean the end of the battle over fallout's harm. In 1969 University of Pittsburgh physicist Ernest Sternglass startled many when he published an article in Esquire magazine showing that for the first time in the twentieth century, the steady rate of decline in US infant death rates had halted as bombs were tested in the atmosphere. Sternglass calculated that 400,000 additional American infants died in the 1950s and early '60s, and suggested that fallout was the cause.
The AEC called on Gofman and his colleague Arthur Tamplin to debunk the article. Although Gofman later acknowledged that "Sternglass may have been right," the two estimated that excess infant deaths were about 4,000, not 400,000. But even that wasn't enough for AEC officials, who told them to publish only a critique with no estimates. They ignored the AEC and published the paper using the 4,000 figure.
By now, Gofman had built a reputation for being an obstacle to the AEC party line, but he had yet to be disciplined. A more cautious person might have stopped insisting that nuclear power was harming people, to preserve his professional status. But that wasn't John Gofman. Just months after the Sternglass controversy, he turned to radiation routinely emitted by nuclear power reactors, the darlings of the nuclear industry, heralded as a "peaceful" use of the atom.
In late 1969 Gofman and Tamplin were among the first scientists to oppose nuclear power in a paper asserting that even low-dose radiation harmed humans. "I realized that the entire nuclear power program was based on a fraud--namely that there was a 'safe' amount of radiation, a permissible dose that wouldn't hurt anybody," recalled Gofman. The duo calculated a worst-case scenario in which 32,000 additional Americans would die of cancer each year if everybody received the permissible AEC dose from reactors.

International business today necessitates people travel

2010-02-22T02:14:00.001-08:00

International business today necessitates people travel all over the world for meetings, negotiations and other business functions. Along the way one will meet numerous people that all have the potential to give recommendations, pass over work or provide some sort of benefit. The business card is the key to remaining in their sphere of contacts.
Increasingly business cards need to be translated into foreign languages to ensure the receiver understands who you are and who you work for. However, translating a business card is not a simple as literally translating one language into another. There are many linguistic and cultural considerations one must take into account. In order to assist those needing their business cards translated the following ten tips are presented:
1 – Always have your business cards translated by a translator or translation agency. Your neighbour or friend may be capable of translating but to ensure the most suitable and professional language is used, use an expert.

2 – Try and have business cards printed only on one side and in one language. In many countries people will write on the back of your card. However, this is not always necessary and if there is a considerable amount of text you may use both sides.

3 – Keep your business card simple. All the receiver needs to know is who you are, your title, your company and how to contact you. The rest is superfluous. This also helps keep your translation costs down.

4 – Ensure the translator translates your title accurately. In some cases, due to the Western liking of complicated titles such “Associate Director of Employer Solutions”, this is not always easy. It is critical the receiver understands your position within a company. Therefore simplify your title as much as possible.

5 – Do not translate your address. All this does is help the reader pronounce your address. If they ever posted you anything the postman will be scratching his/her head.

6 - It can be useful to transliterate names including company names. This then helps the receiver pronounce them properly.

7 – Make sure numbers are arranged in the correct format. For example, if for any reason you need to write a date on a business card consider the local equivalent for dates – i.e. in Europe dates are written as date/month/year or in the Islamic world the Hijri calendar is used.

cornerstone of cardiology and cornerstone of cardiology.

2010-02-22T02:12:00.001-08:00

Gofman's brilliance was evident early. His doctoral dissertation described co-discoveries of radioactive uranium-232 and -233, and protactinium-232 and -233, and the ability to transform uranium-233 into an atomic bomb. Soon after graduation, Gofman joined the Manhattan Project to help win the race with Nazi Germany for the first atomic bomb. His team at the University of California, Berkeley, made more than one milligram of plutonium--the most created to that point--leading to the plutonium bombs tested in New Mexico and used at Nagasaki.
After the war, Gofman settled in at Berkeley as a teacher and researcher, focusing not on radiation but coronary disease. His pioneering work on lipoproteins in the blood--HDL and LDL cholesterol--remains a cornerstone of cardiology. In 1974 the American College of Cardiology named him as one of the twenty-five leading researchers in the field over the previous quarter-century.
But the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union pulled Gofman back into the nuclear world. In the early 1950s the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) set up a nuclear weapons research lab at Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, fifty miles from Berkeley. Gofman formed the lab's medical department and worked part-time for several years, helping with calculations on health effects and problems of nuclear war before returning to Berkeley.

linguistic homogeneity

2010-02-22T02:11:00.001-08:00

The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. An egalitarian tradition also arose. This tradition survived the widened class distinctions brought on by the 19th-century introduction of banana and coffee cultivation and consequent accumulations of local wealth.Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces in 1821 in a joint declaration of independence from Spain. Although the newly independent provinces formed a Federation, border disputes broke out among them, adding to the region's turbulent history and conditions. Costa Rica's northern Guanacaste Province was annexed from Nicaragua in one such regional dispute. In 1838, long after the Central American Federation ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign.An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1899 with elections considered the first truly free and honest ones in the country's history. This began a trend that continued until today with only two lapses: in 1917-19, Federico Tinoco ruled as a dictator, and, in 1948, Jose Figueres led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election.

Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement

2010-02-22T02:09:00.000-08:00

Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement The Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (CCRFTA) and two parallel accords on environmental and labour cooperation entered into force on November 1, 2002

business web site

2010-02-04T08:18:00.000-08:00

Next, we looked up the account details to see what we could learn. We were shocked! This account had been open less than 24 hours! Not even one full day. To be honest, this stung. It was almost personal, a real slap in the face. It was not so much that we had lost an account, but that it happened so quickly. Such a thing had never happened before, so it was a rude awakening. Once we located the account, we were able to ‘drill down’ to see every aspect of our client’s visits to our web site. The original visit came from someone searching for a way to monitor traffic on multiple websites. This was indicated by the keywords used in searching the web. In the one day that we did business, they made three visits, looked at 96 pages and spent an average of 14 minutes and 7 seconds on each visit. The average of 26 seconds per page is a bit long, but the 96 pages visited are what really caught our eye.

Web Site Analysis - A Study in Damage Control

2010-02-04T08:17:00.002-08:00

In my last article, ‘Web Analytics – Getting It Right’, I discussed some of the powerful ways that web site statistics can be used to improve an ecommerce business. That article was about success. This article shows that no matter how hard you try, you can still get it wrong. This is a story about failure. It is often difficult and embarrassing to admit failure and sometimes it is even difficult to see it, even when it is right in front of us. But only by examining our failures can we hope to improve and progress. Hopefully, this article will help others avoid the same mistakes we made. Keep in mind that web analytics is not always about counting traffic. In fact, that is usually only a small part of it. It is mostly about offering better products and services, improving the website and making each visit to our website a more pleasant experience. It is also about building customer loyalty and confidence. This incident started when we received a request to cancel web site tracking service for an account. This happens occasionally, but of course, a cancellation is never a welcome sight. Try as we might, we cannot please everyone. So we learn to accept these things; it is just business.

Sheet of paper and a pen

2010-02-04T08:17:00.001-08:00

Take a sheet of paper and a pen and put all you can think out about your future website. Brainstorm! Just put everything that comes to your mind: what you want to give to your visitors, what the site is about, what you want to accomplish with your website, what is your experience in the area you would like to select as topic? The more points you could think up the better. Then sort it in the number of importance. Think what points can be deleted without harm to your project. Delete them. Leave only what is REALLY important. Try to get your goal out of those points.

The Topic Of Your Website

2010-02-04T08:16:00.001-08:00

The first thing you will have to deal building your website has nothing to do with the web design itself, it's me related to content writing but it must be defined and will effect the rest of your actions. So first of all you need to decide what the topic of your future website is. Topic is very closely connected to another web design issue: keywords. The keywords you select will depend upon the topic you have chosen. When thinking about website topic ask yourself a few questions: What is the goal of the site you are making? What are you trying to achieve with your site. Specify a goal, preferably in one short sentence.

housing market United States

2009-10-01T08:03:00.000-07:00

The housing market should continue to show the way in the United States. Housing starts rose 1.5% in August, while existing home sales declined 2.5%, but they remained well above the low registered in November. In effect, during last week FOMC¡¦s meeting, the Fed appeared more optimistic about the economic growth, albeit activity should remain subdued for some time. Durable good orders fell 2.4% (+0.5%) in August, after having increased 4.8% in July. Orders are up overall for the quarter, capital goods orders (excluding aircraft and defense) increased almost 9.0% annualized over the three months, but activity is not strong enough to relief the unemployment rate from the bottom yet. As a result, rates will remain low for now and an exit strategy will be implemented as soon as the economics¡¦ turnaround becomes sustained. The Federal Reserve postponed the timeline for the purchase of mortgage-backed and agency debt to the end of the first quarter of 2010. However, current recovery should be mild, since recapitalization is still in process. The huge deficit will weight on U.S. growth and limit the American economic potential. Unemployment will remain high and savings will increase. Americans are adapting to the new reality, characterized by tight credit and increasing commodity prices, by reducing spending and tempering debt. The strong expansionary cycles of the past are history.Angelo Airaghi is a Commodity Trading Advisor, registered with the National Futures Association and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. He has been an active professional since 1990 working for major international financial companies. In the past 10 years, Angelo Airaghi has been an analyst and commentator for national and international media.

Rates to remain low, but an exit strategy is ready.

2009-10-01T08:01:00.000-07:00

The economic growth is on the move again and some tangible results should be seen shortly. Inventories are being implemented and production is increasing. Spending will improve, along with commodity prices, supported by the world economic recovery. In August, car sales have moved up more than 50% year-on-year in China, India and Brazil. The housing market should continue to show the way in the United States. Housing starts rose 1.5% in August, while existing home sales declined 2.5%, but they remained well above the low registered in November. In effect, during last week FOMC¡¦s meeting, the Fed appeared more optimistic about the economic growth, albeit activity should remain subdued for some time. Durable good orders fell 2.4% (+0.5%) in August, after having increased 4.8% in July. Orders are up overall for the quarter, capital goods orders (excluding aircraft and defense) increased almost 9.0% annualized over the three months, but activity is not strong enough to relief the unemployment rate from the bottom yet. As a result, rates will remain low for now and an exit strategy will be implemented as soon as the economics¡¦ turnaround becomes sustained. The Federal Reserve postponed the timeline for the purchase of mortgage-backed and agency debt to the end of the first quarter of 2010

USD Rallies on Soft Manufacturing Data

2009-10-01T08:00:00.000-07:00

The greenback advanced against its major rivals in the Wednesday trading session, edging higher against the euro toward the 1.46-level, while pushing the pound sterling to beneath the 1.60-figure and briefly dragging the Swiss franc to a 3-week low at 1.0447. The catalyst for the dollar’s gains was a sharply weaker than forecast report on Chicago PMI. Consensus estimates were looking for the PMI report in edge up higher beyond the key 50-level to 52.0, instead falling to 46.1 in September from a 50-reading in the previous month. The employment component edged up slightly 38.8 from 38.7 in August and the new orders index slumped to 46.3 from 52.5 previously.The markets largely reacted to the weaker manufacturing figures with the US equity bourses losing ground early in the session and the riskier currencies relinquishing previous session’s gains versus the dollar. The final release of Q2 GDP revealed an improvement to -0.7% from -1.0% in the previous reading while the GDP deflator remained unchanged. The Q2 GDP sales component improved to 0.7%, up from 0.4% previously. Meanwhile, the September ADP private sector payrolls revealed a loss of 254k, versus an upwardly revised loss of 277 jobs from August.The key highlight this week continues to be Friday’s September labor report. The market is expected the unemployment rate to creep higher to 9.8%, up from 9.7% a month earlier. Non-farm payrolls are seen improving in September, with a loss of 188k jobs compared with 216k jobs shed in August

2009-10-01T02:25:00.000-07:00

When Two is Better than One

2009-10-01T02:21:00.000-07:00

From the Trading Desk of Oliver L. VelezToday was an exceptional day in the markets, right into the close. While a good part of my morning was spent flying (more like sleeping on the plane) to my Ft. Lauderdale office, I did manage to squeeze in some trading time and would like to share with you my last trade of the day, which happened to be on Ebay (EBAY). The theme of this trade is based on the Mighty Double Bottom, but a quick glance will show you that this stock offered both Double Bottom buy and Double Top sell opportunities. See chart below for details.For the most part I will let the slide (visual) speak for itself, but I will be recording a very detailed podcast to accompany this post over the weekend. So for now, review the slide and the annotations that accompany it and try to be patient for the podcast that will soon follow.As a final note, I want each subscriber to this Blog to make sure they individually "subscribe" to each separate post, so that all comments and answers by me get automatically sent to you. Many of you have been greatly enjoying the posts, but if you have not been reading the follow-up Q&As to each post, you are missing 80% of the educational value of my efforts here. I make sure most answers I provide are very detailed and specific. But in order to get them sent to you, you must separately subscribe to every new post I make. I know its an extra step, but I promise you, it will be worth the extra effort.

business of exchanging commodities

2009-10-01T02:18:00.001-07:00

Specifically: The act or business of exchanging commodities by barter, or by buying and selling for money; commerce; traffic; barter.
The business which a person has learned, and which he engages in, for procuring subsistence, or for profit; occupation; especially, mechanical employment as distinguished from the liberal arts, the learned professions, and agriculture; as, we speak of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or mason, but not now of the trade of a farmer, or a lawyer, or a physician.
Instruments of any occupation.
A company of men engaged in the same occupation; thus, booksellers and publishers speak of the customs of the trade, and are collectively designated as the trade.

The business which for procuring subsistence

2009-10-01T02:16:00.001-07:00

The business which a person has learned, and which he engages in, for procuring subsistence, or for profit; occupation; especially, mechanical employment as distinguished from the liberal arts, the learned professions, and agriculture; as, we speak of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or mason, but not now of the trade of a farmer, or a lawyer, or a physician.

The business which for procuring subsistence

2009-10-01T02:16:00.000-07:00

trade definition

2009-10-01T02:15:00.000-07:00

Trade definition :An oral (or electronic) transaction involving one party buying a security from another party. Once a trade is consummated, it is considered "done" or final. Settlement occurs 1-5 business days later.